1. Material factors

材料是指用于制造結(jié)構(gòu)的金屬材料及焊接所消耗的材料。前者稱為母材或基本金屬，即被焊金屬；后者稱為焊接材料，包括焊絲、焊劑、保護氣體等。其中化學(xué)成分（包括雜質(zhì)的分布與含量）是主要的影響因素。在焊接結(jié)構(gòu)中，絕大多數(shù)常用的金屬材料是鋼材。碳對鋼的焊接性影響。含碳量越高焊接性越差。

Materials refer to metal materials used for manufacturing structures and materials consumed by welding. The former is called base metal or base metal, that is, the metal to be welded; The latter is called welding material, including welding wire, flux, shielding gas, etc. The chemical composition (including the distribution and content of impurities) is the main influencing factor. In welded structures, the vast majority of commonly used metal materials are steel. Carbon has the greatest influence on the weldability of steel. The higher the carbon content, the worse the weldability.

2. 設(shè)計因素

2. Design factors

設(shè)計因素是指焊接結(jié)構(gòu)在使用中的性。不但受到材料的影響，而且在很大程度上還受到結(jié)構(gòu)形式的影響。

Design factors refer to the safety of welded structures in use. It is not only affected by the material, but also by the structural form to a great extent.

3. 工藝因素

3. Process factors

工藝因素包括焊接方法（如電弧焊、埋弧焊、氣體保護焊等）、焊接工藝（包括焊接規(guī)范參數(shù)、焊接材料、預(yù)熱、裝配焊接順序）和焊后熱處理等。

Process factors include welding methods (such as arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas shielded welding, etc.), welding process (including welding specification parameters, welding materials, preheating, assembly and welding sequence), post weld heat treatment, etc.

4. 使用因素

4. Use factors

使用因素指焊接結(jié)構(gòu)的工作溫度、負荷條件和工作環(huán)境（化工區(qū)、沿海及腐蝕介質(zhì)等）。一般來講，環(huán)境溫度越低，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)越易發(fā)生脆性破壞。

The use factors refer to the working temperature, load conditions and working environment of the welded structure (chemical area, coastal and corrosive medium, etc.). Generally speaking, the lower the ambient temperature is, the more vulnerable the steel structure is to brittle failure.

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